In recent years there has been considerable interest in the synthesis and separation of enantiomers of organic compounds especially because of their importance in the biochemistry and pharmaceutical industry. High-performance liquid Chromatography is a very useful method for the direct separation of enantiomers. However, about 30−40 years ago, commercially available chiral STATIONARY PHASES were very limited. Researchers developed many novel chiral STATIONARY PHASES for gas and liquid chromatography, and found these PHASES were effective practically to the separation and analysis of various chiral compounds. Enantioseparation of drugs with multiple chiral centers is challenging. This review describes resolution of some drugs with multiple chiral centers using polysaccharide-type chiral STATIONARY PHASES.

Extracting pure fullerene (C60) from fullerene soot was accomplished in two steps. In the first step, extraction was carried out using a Soxhlet extractor. Different solvents, such as toluene, were used in this method. In this process, light and heavy fullerenes were separated from impurities such as soot and other compounds. The applied fullerene soot was produced using an electric arc method, and the obtained purity was close to 7%. In the next step, fullerene C60 can be separated from other fullerenes (particularly C70) by column chromatography. The STATIONARY phase in the chromatography column contained a mixture of activated carbon, silica gel, and celite, and in order to achieve a high efficiency for separation, the column was filled with a combination of these compounds. Organic solvents such as chlorobenzene and 1, 2-dichlorobenzene were used as the mobile phase. Several experiments were designed and conducted to obtain optimal conditions, and consequently, the fullerene C60 was purified with proper efficiency. In this method, parameters including efficiency, low cost, and simplicity are of great importance in the aim of obtaining an optimized method. As a result, a suitable method with low cost and high efficiency was used in this research.

In this work, novel atom-type-based topological indices, named AT indices, were presented as descriptors to encode structural information of a molecule at the atomic level. The descriptors were successfully used for simultaneous quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) modeling of saturated alcohols on different STATIONARY PHASES (SE-30, OV-3, OV-7, OV-11, OV-17 and OV-25). At first, multiple linear regression models for Kovats retention index (RI) of alcohols on each STATIONARY phase were separately developed using AT and Randic’s first-order molecular connectivity (1χ)indices. Adjusted correlation coefficient (R2 adj) and standard error (SE) for the models were in the range of 0.994-0.999 and 4.40-8.90, respectively. Statistical validity of the models were verified by leave-one-out cross validation (R2 cv>0.99). In the next step, whole RI values on the STATIONARY PHASES were combined to generate a new data set. Then, a unified model, added McReynolds polarity term as a descriptor, was developed for the new data set and the results were satisfactory (R2 adj=0.995 and SE=8.55). External validation of the model resulted in the average values of 8.29 and 8.69 for standard errors of calibration and prediction, respectively. The topological indices well covered the molecular properties known to be relevant for retention indices of the model compounds.

Theft is among the most common crimes committed in all societies. The present study aims at exploring the STATIONARY and non STATIONARY theft rates in the cities of Zanjan. All those who committed theft during 2007 to 2008 in the cities of Zanjan (N=493) were the statistical sample. The required data of this field study were collected via questionnaire, interview, and observation. SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. The sample findings are as follows: 1.There is a significant relationship between "The theft technique and thieves' motivations".2.There are significant relationships between."The theft technique and criminal records", "The theft technique and drug abuse", "The theft technique and the theft type", "The theft technique and residential place", and "The theft technique and the place of birth of thieves".

The accurate estimation of the design Precipitation is one of the requirements for the construction of hydraulic structures, which is done by various methods of frequency analysis. Classical methods of fitting observational data use the assumption of constant parameters of distribution functions,while, many studies have been done on non-STATIONARY data due to factors such as climate change. Therefore, this paper aims to use the functions of non-STATIONARY parameters-if necessary-and compare them with the STATIONARY assumption of the maximum daily precipitation data of the Atrak river basin. Mann-Kendall test and White test were used to check the non-STATIONARY in the mean and variance of annual data. The Generalized extreme value distribution function was also fitted to the data time series. Among the 24 stations with long-term data, 5 stations with trends and 6 stations with variance non-STATIONARY were detected. Evaluation criteria including Akaike (AIC), Bayesian (BIC), Root mean square error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) coefficient was determined under STATIONARY and non-STATIONARY assumptions, for all stations. The results showed that in all stations with non-STATIONARY, considering the mentioned conditions in the analytical calculations is a good choice. Also, the lower (5%), median (50%), and upper (95%) limit values with the return period of 100 years with both assumptions were determined and compared with the classical maximum likelihood method. The underestimation of the maximum likelihood method compared to the Bayesian method used by using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in parameter estimation was observed. Also, Akaike criterion provided better results among the used evaluation criteria.

Climate changes and human activities are the two main factors affecting the hydrological cycle and stationery/ non-STATIONARY of hydrological systems. The existing indicators for drought monitoring are based on the assumption of stability of atmospheric conditions and environmental factors, and the research results of the last two decades indicate that these indicators do not have the necessary validity in the current non-STATIONARY environment. Therefore, in general, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the latest drought indicators in non-STATIONARY conditions and to express the challenges and opportunities of future research. In this regard, the indicators that have been developed for different types of droughts should be reviewed first, since the methodology of these indicators is mainly proposed for STATIONARY weather conditions, then we will review some of these indicators that In a non-STATIONARY state, it is developed in Iran and other regions of the world. Studying and reviewing tools and methods for calculating non-STATIONARY in determining non-STATIONARY drought indicators is one of the other factors that will be discussed in this article. A review of various research showed that indices such as NSPI, NSRI, NSPEI, NRDI, etc. were among the most important non-STATIONARY indices that were used to quantify meteorological/hydrological droughts. From the methodological point of view, all the research used the generalized collective model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) to model the non-STATIONARY behavior of indicators.